Estonia

As a highly digitized and developed European nation, Estonia has achieved full coverage for basic modern infrastructure. 100% of the population has access to electricity, a foundational requirement for its well-known digital society and economic activity.

Estonia presents an interesting contrast between high density of nature and high density of population concentration. Over 70% of the population lives in urban areas, yet a massive 57% of the country's land area is covered by forests, indicating low population density outside major cities.

Estonia demonstrates a remarkably advanced healthcare system, evidenced by one of the lowest infant mortality rates globally. At 1.6 per 1,000 live births, this figure is comparable to or better than many established Western European nations, highlighting significant public health achievement.

Despite a high GDP per capita, placing it firmly in the high-income bracket, Estonia faces a severe demographic challenge. The extremely low fertility rate of 1.31 suggests that without significant migration, the working-age population will continue to shrink, potentially undermining future economic growth.