Spain

Spain maintains a healthy environmental profile regarding land use, with over 37% of its land covered by forest. Furthermore, access to electricity is universal (100%), indicating successful infrastructure development that reaches all segments of the population.

Despite Spain being a large country geographically, the population is highly concentrated, with over 80% of citizens living in urban areas (80.128%). This suggests significant internal migration toward major metropolitan centers, potentially leading to 'empty Spain' (depopulation of rural areas) and increased pressure on urban infrastructure.

Spain boasts one of the highest life expectancies globally at 83.88 years, surpassing many other high-income nations. This remarkable longevity, coupled with a very low infant mortality rate (2.600 per 1,000 live births), suggests a highly effective healthcare system and strong public health standards.

Spain's fertility rate of 1.12 is critically low, far below the replacement rate of 2.1 and among the lowest globally. This indicates a severe long-term demographic challenge, leading to rapid population aging and future strain on social security and healthcare systems.